Steering Coupling Bolt Loose — Loss of Steering Control — Recall 25V533 (2023-2026 EQE)
sticky steering; steering wheel feels stuck; increased steering effort; steering recall
Mercedes-Benz EQE owners report sudden power loss, MBUX screen blackouts, phantom braking, and 7 NHTSA recalls. Learn your California lemon law rights.
You spent six figures on one of the most technologically ambitious electric vehicles Mercedes-Benz has ever built. The EQE's EVA2 platform promised near-silent driving, a 90.6 kWh battery, and the full MBUX 2.0 Hyperscreen — three OLED panels spanning the entire dashboard — as your command center. On paper, it competes with the best luxury BEVs in the world. On the road, many owners have found a different story.
Since the EQE's 2023 launch, NHTSA has opened seven recalls covering the 2023-2026 model range: a battery monitoring system that failed to warn of malfunctions, roof-frame absorbers that could fly loose during an airbag deployment, incorrectly aimed headlights caused by a software error, defective 80-amp fuses that could disable the restraint system or cause a fire, a second battery management software defect causing sudden power loss at highway speed, rim inserts that detach while driving, and — most recently — steering coupling bolts left insufficiently tightened at the factory, creating the possibility of total steering failure.
Beyond the recalls, owners in the NHTSA complaint database describe an EQE that can be bricked by its own over-the-air updates, that applies emergency braking with no obstacle in sight, that loses all propulsion on the freeway with a cascade of warning lights, and whose panoramic sunroof has shattered without warning at highway speed. Dealers have repeatedly returned vehicles with 'cannot replicate' notations while the same faults recur. For owners who have been back to the service department more than twice for the same unresolved defect, or whose car has spent more than 30 cumulative days out of service, California law may provide a path to a refund or replacement.
The issues owners report most, ranked by severity — each one verified against a cited NHTSA source.
sticky steering; steering wheel feels stuck; increased steering effort; steering recall
EV warning message; reduced power; charging fault; battery recall; fire risk warning
warning light; recall notice; repeated dealer repair
tail light out; exterior light warning; reduced rear visibility
warning light; recall notice; repeated dealer repair
EV warning message; reduced power; charging fault; battery recall; fire risk warning
A settled Margarian Law case on this exact model, published with the actual settlement math.
Open any defect for the symptoms and why it matters for a California lemon-law claim. Each is tied to a cited NHTSA source.
EV warning message; reduced power; charging fault; battery recall; fire risk warning
NHTSA recall 23V309000 found the EQE 350's battery monitoring software failed to alert the driver of a high-voltage battery malfunction, violating FMVSS 305. Under California Song-Beverly, a recall-backed FMVSS non-compliance is a confirmed safety defect. If Mercedes-Benz did not timely complete the BMS software update or if post-update battery warnings recur, the owner may have grounds for a warranty repair claim. Owners should verify the recall was performed and retain the repair order showing campaign 2023070013 completion.
Dealers will update the battery management system software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed beginning August 18, 2023. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. MBUSA's number for this recall is 2023070013.
warning light; recall notice; repeated dealer repair
NHTSA recall 23V555000 confirmed that roof-frame absorbers in the 2023 AMG EQE, EQE 500, and EQE 350 could detach during window air bag deployment and strike occupants. A defect that undermines the effectiveness of a primary occupant-protection system in a crash is a core safety impairment under Song-Beverly. Owners should confirm dealers have performed the absorber replacement under campaign 2023080004 and retain the repair order as documentation.
Dealers will replace the absorbers, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed September 1, 2023. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. MBUSA's number for this recall is 2023080004.
tail light out; exterior light warning; reduced rear visibility
NHTSA recall 23V853000 confirmed that the 2023 EQE 350's headlights could be incorrectly aimed due to a software error in the headlight control unit, reducing visibility and impairing dynamic driving control. Incorrectly aimed headlights at highway speed constitute a safety impairment. If a dealer has not performed the headlight control unit software update, owners should request it under the open recall before any lemon-law evaluation. Post-update recurrence of headlight malfunction would strengthen a Song-Beverly claim.
Dealers will update the headlight control unit software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed by February 2, 2024. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372.
warning light; recall notice; repeated dealer repair
NHTSA recall 24V115000 confirmed defectively manufactured 80-amp fuses across a broad fleet of 2023-2024 Mercedes-Benz vehicles including the EQE, with consequences including sudden loss of drive power, loss of restraint system function, loss of instrument cluster, and increased fire risk. Because the recall explicitly identifies loss of safety systems and fire risk, a vehicle where fuse failure has caused injury risk or where the recall remedy has not been performed may present a strong Song-Beverly claim. Owners should confirm campaign 2024030008 was completed.
Dealers will replace the main fuse boxes, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed April 5, 2024. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. MBUSA's number for this recall is 2024030008.
EV warning message; reduced power; charging fault; battery recall; fire risk warning
NHTSA recall 24V372000 confirmed that BMS software could cause the high-voltage battery to shut down mid-drive, producing sudden loss of propulsion — a confirmed crash-risk defect. The recall covers 2024 EQE sedan and 2023-2025 EQE SUV. If an owner experienced a sudden power loss event before the BMS software update was applied, or if the shutdown recurs after the update, those repair visits count toward Song-Beverly's reasonable-attempts threshold. Owners should ensure campaign 2024060002 is recorded on their service history.
Dealers will update the battery management system software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 5, 2024. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. MBUSA's number for this recall is 2024060002.
warning light; recall notice; repeated dealer repair
NHTSA recall 25V150000 confirmed that rim inserts on 2023 EQE 350 4MATIC and EQE 350+ vehicles could detach while driving, creating a road hazard for other vehicles and increasing crash risk. The recall remedy requires dealer inspection and replacement of defective inserts under campaign 2025030016. If the owner has experienced an incident where a rim insert detached before the recall repair, or if detachment recurs after the recall, those events support a Song-Beverly warranty repair claim.
Dealers will inspect and replace the rim inserts as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed April 25, 2025. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. MBUSA's number for this recall is 2025030016.
sticky steering; steering wheel feels stuck; increased steering effort; steering recall
NHTSA recall 25V533000 confirmed that the steering coupling bolt on 2023-2026 EQE vehicles may be improperly tightened, allowing the coupling to loosen from the steering rack and cause loss of steering control — a defect directly capable of causing a non-collision crash or fatality. This is the clearest lemon-law predictor in the EQE's recall record: loss of steering at speed is a textbook Song-Beverly safety impairment. Owners should confirm campaign 25V533 was completed under the October 2025 owner notification and preserve the repair order.
Dealers will tighten the steering coupling bolts as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 6, 2025. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372.
infotainment screen goes black; all three displays freeze or reboot; car will not start after OTA update; instrument cluster dark at startup; seat stops mid-adjustment and car won't drive; multiple warning messages appear; towed to dealer, dealer cannot replicate
A vehicle rendered inoperable by an over-the-air software update constitutes a substantial impairment of use and safety under California Song-Beverly (Cal. Civ. Code §1793.2). If a Mercedes-Benz dealer cannot restore normal operation across two or more repair attempts — or if the combined out-of-service time exceeds 30 days — the vehicle may qualify for repurchase or replacement. Owners should document every OTA installation date, each dealer visit, and the specific symptoms and RO notes at each visit.
Dealer performs MBUX software reflash or hard reset via OBD port. In cases where the OTA itself bricked the vehicle, Mercedes-Benz Roadside Assistance has dispatched a technician for an on-site reflash. Some owners required tow and multi-day dealer stay while awaiting a replacement OTA package. No single recall covers this pattern.
range drops 30-40% vs EPA rating; full charge shows far fewer miles than advertised; range dramatically lower in winter; dealer says degradation is within spec; battery not repaired; displayed range unreliable
A material discrepancy between warranted range and actual usable range — where the manufacturer declines to repair and characterizes a 40% shortfall as within spec — may constitute a substantial impairment of use and value under Song-Beverly. If the dealer refuses to repair or acknowledge the defect across multiple visits, owners should obtain written documentation of each refusal and preserve any Mercedes-Benz marketing materials that specified the EPA range figure.
No recall or TSB addresses the range shortfall as of Jun 30, 2026. Dealers have advised owners that cold-weather range reduction is expected and within specification. Mercedes-Benz has issued BMS software updates (recalls 23V309000 and 24V372000) for related monitoring and shutdown issues; whether those updates also improved cold-weather range management is not confirmed in public records.
DCFC session starts fast then slows sharply; charging speed drops to low rate mid-session; charging session terminates before completion; must replug multiple times to finish charge; charging speed well below rated 170 kW peak; vehicle displays charging error
Persistent inability to charge at advertised rates — particularly when accompanied by repeated session terminations that leave the vehicle unable to complete a charge cycle — may support a claim that the vehicle is substantially impaired for its ordinary purpose under Song-Beverly. Owners should retain charge session logs from the Mercedes Me app and document every failed or truncated DC fast-charge session.
No recall or TSB directly addresses DCFC throttling as of Jun 30, 2026. Mercedes-Benz has issued BMS software updates (recalls 23V309000 and 24V372000) that may have incidentally affected charging behavior. Owners experiencing repeated session interruptions should document each event and request dealer diagnosis with a written repair order.
car dead in morning despite being plugged in; 12V battery warning; AC or heat triggers electrical fault; repeated dealer visits for same issue; more than two months total at dealership; dealer cannot find root cause; vehicle not repaired after four service visits
The documented pattern of four dealer visits and more than two months of cumulative out-of-service time for the same unresolved defect is a strong Song-Beverly indicator. California law presumes a lemon if a vehicle is out of service for more than 30 cumulative calendar days for warranty repair (Cal. Civ. Code §1793.22). Owners should request written repair orders for every visit and confirm the defect description is recorded identically on each RO to establish the repair-attempt pattern.
Recall 24V115000 (fuse box replacement) has been issued and may address some related failure modes. Beyond the fuse recall, dealers have replaced 12V batteries and performed electrical system resets. In at least one documented case, four dealer visits over two months produced no durable repair.
car slams on brakes suddenly with no obstacle; brakes engage hard at highway speed; AEB fires in empty road; car nearly rear-ended by following vehicle; dealer cannot replicate; AEB triggers on radar detector frequency in nearby cars; brakes engage when exiting driveway; system acknowledges failure but has no fix
Phantom emergency braking at highway speed — particularly where a following vehicle nearly causes a collision — constitutes a substantial impairment of safety under Song-Beverly. The pattern of repeated dealer visits with cannot-replicate findings is a classic predicate for lemon-law eligibility: California law does not require the dealer to have successfully reproduced the fault, only that the owner presented the vehicle for repair. Owners should obtain written repair orders recording every AEB incident presentation, even when the dealer finds nothing.
No dedicated recall or TSB addresses phantom AEB on the EQE as of Jun 30, 2026. Dealers have performed software diagnostics and returned vehicles without repair in documented cases. Owners experiencing repeated phantom braking should document each event with date, location, speed, and any dash-cam footage, and present all documentation to the dealer on each return visit.
instrument cluster screen completely black when starting car; no speedometer; no ADAS display; dashboard non-responsive; multiple power-cycle attempts required to restore display; appears to be software-related; known issue per owner web search
Operating a vehicle without a functional speedometer or ADAS readout constitutes a safety impairment. If the cluster blackout recurs despite repeated dealer software updates, owners may establish the two-or-more repair-attempt threshold under Song-Beverly §1793.22. Each dealer visit must be documented with a repair order that specifically identifies the instrument cluster failure.
Dealers have performed MBUX software resets and updates. No dedicated recall covers instrument cluster blackout specifically. Owners should document each occurrence with photos of the dark cluster and request a written repair order on every visit.
car loses all power suddenly while driving at highway speed; turtle mode warning; drive system malfunction alert; multiple warning messages on dash; vehicle coasts to shoulder; tow required; repeated malfunction after repair; three or more dealer visits for same issue; 16+ days out of service
Sudden loss of drive power at highway speed is a textbook safety impairment under Song-Beverly. At least one NHTSA complaint documents three dealer repair attempts and more than 16 cumulative out-of-service days for the same drive system malfunction — both the two-attempt and the 30-day out-of-service Song-Beverly thresholds may be met. Owners should ensure every tow and loaner period is documented on a repair order.
Recall 24V372000 provides a BMS software update for related battery-shutdown events. Individual cases have also required regen brake component replacement. In documented cases, multiple dealer visits and extended out-of-service periods were required. Owners should ensure recall 24V372000 has been performed and request written documentation of any additional component replacements.
sunroof explodes without impact or warning while driving; glass shatters inward at freeway speed; sounds like a gunshot; glass falls on passengers; dealer denies warranty coverage; blamed on rock strike without evidence; independent adjuster found defective glass
Glass shattering inward at freeway speed presents an obvious safety hazard and, if the manufacturer wrongfully denies warranty coverage, may support a Song-Beverly claim for both the defect and the denial of warranty repair. Owners should preserve photographs, any police or incident reports, and — critically — the dealer's written warranty-denial explanation. An independent adjuster report contradicting the dealer's finding is powerful corroborating evidence.
Sunroof panel replacement under warranty or out-of-pocket if warranty denied. No recall or NHTSA investigation opened as of Jun 30, 2026. Owners denied warranty coverage should request written documentation of the dealer's denial rationale and, if possible, obtain an independent inspection report.
run-flat tire blows out after minor road irregularity; multiple blowouts on same vehicle in short period; tire sidewall bubbles; car too heavy for run-flat specification; standard AMG wheel option; six blowouts documented on one vehicle; dealer and Mercedes do not acknowledge a defect
Repeated blowouts on OEM-specified tires — particularly where the owner has replaced the tires with the same specification and the failures recur — may support a claim that the vehicle as delivered is defective in its tire-wheel-vehicle weight combination. Under Song-Beverly, the defect need not be in the car's mechanicals; defective standard-equipment tires and wheels that repeatedly fail can qualify. Owners should document each blowout event with photos, retain the failed tire if possible, and request that the dealer record each event on a repair order.
No recall or NHTSA investigation addresses this specific tire-wheel-vehicle weight combination as of Jun 30, 2026. Recall 25V150000 covers the separate issue of rim insert detachment on the same wheel package. Owners have replaced tires multiple times under warranty or out-of-pocket without a durable fix.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2023-2026 EQE and GLC vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of models. The steering coupling bolt may have been improperly tightened, allowing the steering coupling to loosen from the steering rack.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2023 EQE 350 4MATIC and EQE 350+ vehicles. The rim inserts may detach from the wheels while driving.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2024 EQE 350 4MATIC, EQE 350+, EQE 500 4MATIC, EQS 450 4MATIC, EQS 450+, EQS 580 4MATIC, AMG EQE 53 4MATIC, AMG EQS 53 4MATIC, 2023-2025 EQE SUV 350 4MATIC, EQE SUV 350+, EQE SUV 500 4MATIC, EQS SUV 450 4MATIC, EQS SUV 450+, EQS SUV 580 4MATIC, 2024-2025 EQS SUV 680 4MATIC, and AMG EQE SUV 53 4MATIC vehicles. The battery management system software may cause the high-voltage battery to shut down, which can result in a sudden loss of drive power.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2023-2024 C300, AMG C43, S580e, S580, Maybach S580, Maybach S680, AMG SL43, AMGSL63, GLC300, EQE350, EQE500, EQS450, EQS580, AMG EQS, 2023 S500, AMG SL55, AMG EQE, 2024 E350, E450, AMG C63e S, CLE300 Coupe, CLE450 Coupe, and GLC300 Coupe vehicles. The 80-Amp fuses may have been manufactured incorrectly, which can cause the fuses to fail.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2023 EQE 350 vehicles equipped with comfort suspension. The headlights may be incorrectly adjusted due to a software error in the headlight control unit.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2023 AMG EQE, EQE 500, and EQE 350 vehicles. The absorbers in the roof frame may not be secured properly and can detach during window air bag deployment.
remedy available
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2023 EQE 350, S580e, 2022-2023 EQS 450, EQS 580, 2022 AMG EQS 53, and EQS 450+ vehicles. The high-voltage battery monitoring system software may not alert the driver of a battery malfunction. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 305, "Electric-powered vehicles: Electrolyte Spillage and Electrical Shock Protection."
Every item below comes from this vehicle's documented defects. The more you recognize, the more a free case review is worth your time.
California's Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (Cal. Civ. Code §1790 et seq.) applies to new and used vehicles purchased or leased with a manufacturer warranty. As of 2026, the law may entitle EQE owners to a repurchase or replacement if Mercedes-Benz cannot repair a defect that substantially impairs use, value, or safety.
California law presumes a lemon if: (1) two or more repair attempts were made for a defect likely to cause death or serious injury — such as the EQE's steering coupling failure (Recall 25V533) or sudden highway power loss (Recall 24V372); (2) four or more repair attempts were made for the same defect; or (3) the vehicle was out of service for more than 30 cumulative days for warranty repairs.
These are presumptions, not minimum requirements — a claim may exist even without meeting a specific threshold. If the EQE qualifies, the manufacturer must repurchase at full purchase price — including taxes and finance charges — minus a mileage offset calculated from the first repair attempt. Attorney's fees are recoverable if you prevail.
This is general legal information, not legal advice, and creates no attorney-client relationship. Consult a qualified attorney to evaluate your specific situation.
“Could not duplicate” doesn't mean the defect isn't real. Here's exactly what to do to protect a potential California lemon-law claim.
Document the moment it happens. Photos, video, and screenshots of any warning lights — with the date and the mileage.
Get a repair order every visit — even “found nothing.” That paperwork is the foundation of a claim.
Check your VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls. Note any recall that has no available remedy yet.
Track your out-of-service days. California law counts the cumulative days your vehicle spends in the shop.
Keep loaner & rental records. Alternate-transport paperwork during long repairs matters.
Save everything in one place. Symptoms, dates, repair orders, and every repeat visit — the intermittent ones especially.
The most common complaint in the NHTSA database for the EQE is a dealer who says 'could not replicate' — and then the car does it again. Here is what to do:
1. Document immediately. When the fault occurs, note date, time, location, speed, state of charge, ambient temperature, and every warning message. Back up dash-cam footage the same day.
2. Do not restart before the tow. For OTA bricks, turtle mode, or cluster blackouts, power the car down and request a flatbed. Fault codes survive better if the vehicle has not been restarted multiple times.
3. Get a written repair order every visit. Even when the dealer finds nothing, insist the service advisor record your exact symptom description on the RO — not just 'electrical check, no fault found.' Your specific words in the RO are evidence.
4. Escalate to MBUSA Customer Assistance. Call 1-800-367-6372 and open a formal case. Ask them to document your repair history and the cannot-replicate results. The case number creates a manufacturer-level paper trail separate from dealer records.
5. Confirm all recalls at every visit. Ask the service advisor to document that all seven open NHTSA campaigns have been applied. An unremedied recall on your service history strengthens a lemon-law timeline.
6. Track out-of-service days. Log every drop-off and pick-up date. California law presumes a lemon after 30 cumulative days out of service for warranty repairs — across any combination of defects.
The EQE is a vehicle caught between what it promises and what it delivers. Seven NHTSA campaigns in roughly two model years — including two addressing the core battery management software and one addressing steering integrity — is a heavy recall load for a new platform. The owner-complaint pattern is equally concerning: OTA updates that brick the car, AEB systems that apply emergency braking with nothing in sight, and power losses that leave drivers coasting to the freeway shoulder.
Dealers have been unable to reproduce many of these faults — frustrating for owners and legally significant. California law does not require a successful repair, only a repair attempt. Owners with three or more visits for the same issue, or more than 30 cumulative days out of service, should consult a lemon-law attorney.
— The Margarian Law team
If your Mercedes-Benz EQE has been back to the dealer more than twice for the same unresolved defect — sudden power loss, an OTA-triggered shutdown, phantom braking, or any other issue — you may have rights under California's lemon law. Margarian Law has handled thousands of lemon-law cases and offers a free case review.
Sudden propulsion loss on the EQE is addressed by NHTSA Recall 24V372000, which found BMS software could cause the HV battery to shut down mid-drive. Remedy: BMS software update (MBUSA campaign 2024060002). First, verify whether your dealer has applied this recall. If the shutdown has recurred after the update, or if you have returned multiple times without a fix, document every repair order and tow receipt. NHTSA complaints document at least one owner with three dealer visits and 16+ out-of-service days for the same defect — directly meeting Song-Beverly thresholds. Consult a lemon-law attorney if you have experienced repeated power loss.
Multiple NHTSA complaint filings document OTA updates leaving all three MBUX 2.0 displays dark and the EQE unable to drive. This is a documented EVA2 platform risk noted in neutral EV media. If this happened to your car: (1) do not attempt repeated restarts — request a flatbed tow to preserve fault codes; (2) ask the dealer to write a repair order that specifically records 'MBUX inoperable following OTA update on [date]' in your words; (3) call MBUSA Customer Assistance at 1-800-367-6372 and open a formal complaint case to create a manufacturer-level paper trail. No dedicated recall covers the OTA bricking pattern as of Jun 30, 2026. If the issue recurs after dealer repair, or if cumulative out-of-service time exceeds 30 days, you may have lemon-law rights under California Song-Beverly.
Multiple 2023-2024 EQE owners report Active Brake Assist applying full emergency braking with no obstacle present — on empty roads, at freeway speeds, and in one case triggered by RF from a radar detector in a nearby vehicle. Mercedes acknowledged the failure in at least one interaction but stated no fix was available. Dealers have returned vehicles with 'cannot replicate' findings while events continued. Document every incident with date, speed, location, and conditions; use a dash cam if possible; and always request a written repair order even when the dealer finds nothing. California lemon law requires only that you presented the vehicle for repair — not that the dealer reproduced the fault. Two or more visits for a crash-risk defect may support a claim.
Yes — Recall 25V533000 is among the most serious in the EQE's history. Mercedes-Benz confirmed steering coupling bolts were improperly tightened at the factory, allowing the coupling to loosen and cause sudden loss of steering control. Owner letters were mailed October 6, 2025. Remedy is dealer inspection and bolt tightening at no charge. Contact your dealer or call MBUSA at 1-800-367-6372 (campaign 25V533) — do not delay; steering loss at highway speed is life-threatening. If your dealer cannot schedule promptly, request a loaner vehicle. Recall repairs count in your Song-Beverly warranty repair history; any steering abnormality after the recall should be immediately documented on a new repair order.
Range below EPA estimates is a documented NHTSA complaint pattern. EPA rates the EQE 350+ at 305 miles; multiple owners report 30-40% shortfalls, especially in winter. In at least one complaint a dealer told the owner a 40% cold-weather loss was 'within specification' and declined repair. Whether that refusal is lawful depends on what Mercedes-Benz warranted — check your warranty booklet for battery capacity language. Two BMS recalls (23V309000 and 24V372000) addressed software affecting how the battery reports energy; ensure both have been applied before evaluating a range claim. If the shortfall persists after both updates and the dealer still declines to repair, you may have Song-Beverly grounds.
Under Song-Beverly, your EQE may qualify if Mercedes-Benz cannot repair a defect that substantially impairs use, value, or safety. California law presumes a lemon when: (1) two or more repair attempts for a death-or-injury defect — steering coupling failure (Recall 25V533) or highway power loss (Recall 24V372) qualify; (2) four or more attempts for the same defect; or (3) more than 30 cumulative out-of-service days. NHTSA filings document an EQE owner with three attempts and 16+ days OOS for powertrain failure, and another with four visits and two months at the shop for electrical faults. Collect every repair order, track out-of-service dates, and retain recall records. A free attorney consultation will evaluate whether your facts support a claim.